Earth has detected signals from 12 billion years ago, gradually revealing the mystery of black holes?

Scientists have discovered that the ancient quasar ID830, which existed 12 billion years ago, possesses an enormous mass and a growth rate exceeding the "Eddington limit," while also emitting both X-rays and radio waves, challenging many current astrophysics models.

According to Live Science, astronomers have just announced a groundbreaking discovery about an ancient quasar called ID830 – a supermassive black hole that existed approximately 12 billion years ago. At that time, the universe was only about 15% of its current age, but ID830 already had a mass equivalent to 440 million times that of the Sun, a figure that almost exceeded all previous predictions.

With its enormous mass, ID830 weighs approximately 100 times more than Sagittarius A* – the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Not only is it massive in size, but this object also forces current astrophysics models to reconsider their accuracy due to its unusual growth rate and radiation characteristics.

The discovery, published in the scientific journal The Astrophysical Journal, indicates that the research team determined the growth rate of ID830 by measuring its brightness at ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray wavelengths. The results showed that the intensity of X-rays emitted from ID830 was exceptionally strong, demonstrating that it is accumulating matter at a much higher rate than usual.

Specifically, ID830 is calculated to be increasing in mass at approximately 13 times the "Eddington limit"—the maximum threshold at which a black hole can absorb matter before radiative pressure pushes it out. Overcoming this barrier is known as super-Eddington accretion, which is considered very rare and difficult to sustain for extended periods.

According to co-author Sakiko Obuchi from Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan, the cause may stem from a sudden influx of a massive amount of gas into the black hole. She stated, "That object must have been an extremely massive star," alluding to hypothetical star types that existed in the early universe. It's highly likely that ID830 tore apart and devoured such a star as it got too close, creating a violent accretion event.

However, scientists believe this "beyond-limit" state is only temporary. It is estimated that the super-Eddington accretion phase of ID830 may only last about 300 years – an extremely short period compared to the millions to billions of years of lifespan for cosmic structures.

Furthermore, ID830 simultaneously emits both X-rays and high-intensity radio waves – a combination of characteristics that are generally considered unlikely to coexist. According to current theory, when a black hole accretes matter at a super-Eddington level, strong streams of matter and radiation disrupt or eliminate the stable emission of radio waves and X-rays. However, ID830 clearly exhibits both types of radiation.

This has led researchers to hypothesize that there may be physical mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. The X-rays and radio waves from ID830 are likely generated through processes more complex than current standard models suggest.

Overall, ID830's "rule-breaking" characteristics suggest it is in a rare transitional phase. During this phase, the black hole simultaneously absorbs matter at an extremely high rate and releases intense energy into its surroundings. This combination causes it to shine brightly like a star, thus classifying it as a quasar.

Analysis under ultraviolet light also opens up a remarkable possibility: quasars similar to ID830 may not be as rare as previously thought in the early universe. If this is confirmed, it would change how we understand the formation and evolution of early galaxies.

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